Brenda Stevenson, INTRODUCTION: WOMEN, SLAVERY, AND THE ATLANTIC WORLD… 1

FOUNDING MOTHERS: FEMALE REBELS IN COLONIAL NEW GRANADA AND SPANISH FLORIDA
Jane Landers… 7

CHARITY FOLKS, LOST ROYALTY, AND THE BISHOP FAMILY OF MARYLAND AND NEW YORK
Jessica Millward… 24

GOING “WHERE THEY DARE NOT FOLLOW”: RACE, RELIGION, AND SOJOURNER TRUTH’S EARLY INTERRACIAL REFORM
Margaret Washington… 48

THE BLOOD OF MOTHERS: WOMEN, MONEY, AND MARKETS IN YORUBA-ATLANTIC PERSPECTIVE
Andrew Apter… 72

WHAT’S LOVE GOT TO DO WITH IT? CONCUBINAGE AND ENSLAVED BLACK WOMEN AND GIRLS IN THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH
Brenda E. Stevenson… 99

ESSAY REVIEW

RACIAL SCIENCE AND EARLY AMERICAN PHOTOGRAPHY
Elaine Allen Lechtreck… 126

BOOK REVIEWS

Emilie Piper and David Levinson, ONE MINUTE A FREE WOMAN: ELIZABETH FREEMAN AND THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM
Jenifer L. Barclay… 138

Sean M. Kelley, LOS BRAZOS DE DIOS: A PLANTATION SOCIETY IN THE TEXAS BORDERLANDS, 1821-1865
Robert Scott Davis… 140

Damian Alan Pargas, THE QUARTERS AND THE FIELDS: SLAVE FAMILIES IN THE NON-COTTON SOUTH
Chyna Bowen… 142

Phillip W. Magness and Sebastian N. Page, COLONIZATION AFTER EMANCIPATION: LINCOLN AND THE MOVEMENT FOR BLACK RESETTLEMENT
J. Brent Morris… 145

Adele Logan Alexander, PARALLEL WORLDS: THE REMARKABLE GIBBS-HUNTS AND THE ENDURING (IN)SIGNIFICANCE OF MELANIN
Sandra Jowers-Barber… 147

Julie Buckner Armstrong, MARY TURNER AND THE MEMORY OF LYNCHING
Bertis English… 149

Clare Corbould, BECOMING AFRICAN AMERICANS: BLACK PUBLIC LIFE IN HARLEM, 1919-1939
Joan Marshall Wesley… 152

Luther Adams, WAY UP NORTH IN LOUISVILLE: AFRICAN AMERICAN MIGRATION IN THE URBAN SOUTH, 1930-1970
Abel L. Bartley… 154

Tomiko Brown-Nagin, COURAGE TO DISSENT: ATLANTA AND THE LONG HISTORY OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Donald Cunnigen… 156

Ophelia De Laine Gona, DAWN OF DESGREGATION: J. A. DE LAINE AND BRIGGS V. ELLIOTT
Thomas J. Davis… 158

Tobin Miller Shearer, DAILY DEMONSTRATORS: THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN MENNONITE HOMES AND SANCTUARIES
Eric R. Jackson… 160

Harvard Sitkoff, TOWARD FREEDOM LAND: THE LONG STRUGGLE FOR RACIAL EQUALITY IN AMERICA
Anne Marie Mingo… 162

Martha Minow, IN BROWN’S WAKE: LEGACIES OF AMERICA’S EDUCATIONAL LANDMARK
Brian J. Daugherity… 164

Catherine M. Paden, CIVIL RIGHTS ADVOCACY FOR THE POOR
Douglas J. Flowe… 166

Timothy J. Minchin and John A. Salmond, AFTER THE DREAM: BLACK AND WHITE SOUTHERNERS SINCE 1965
Greta de Jong… 168

Blair A. Ruble, WASHINGTON’S U STREET: A BIOGRAPHY
Lopez D. Matthews, Jr…. 171

Rachael A. Woldoff, WHITE FLIGHT/BLACK FLIGHT: THE DYNAMICS OF RACIAL CHANGE IN AN AMERICAN NEIGHBORHOOD
Keith A. Dye… 172

Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, AFRO-CARIBBEAN RELIGIONS: AN INTRODUCTION TO THEIR HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND SACRED TRADITIONS
David Childs… 174

Marcus Wood, THE HORRIBLE GIFT OF FREEDOM: ATLANTIC SLAVERY AND THE REPRESENTATION OF EMANCIPATION
Charles Vincent… 176

Evelyn Jaffe Schreiber, RACE, TRAUMA, AND HOME IN THE NOVELS OF TONI MORRISON
Ann White… 179

ANNOUNCEMENTS

REMEMBERING SYLVIA M. JACOBS, 1946-2013
Carlton E. Wilson… 182

REMEMBERING TONY MARTIN, 1942-2013
Pashington Obeng and Selwyn R. Cudjoe… 186

INDEX TO VOLUME 97… 188

COMMENTARY: SOLITARY CONFINEMENT: “I FEEL LIKE… NO ONE CARES ABOUT ME”
V. P. Franklin... 197

INTRODUCTION: DOCUMENTING AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE U.S. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Clarence Taylor... 200

RACE, CLASS, AND POLICE BRUTALITY IN NEW YORK CITY: THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY IN THE EARLY COLD WAR YEARS
Clarence Taylor... 205

"`OCCUPIED TERRITORY’: POLICE REPRESSION AND BLACK RESISTANCE IN POSTWAR MILWAUKEE, 1950-1968
Simon Ezra Balto... 229

IN THE BELLY OF THE BEAST: BLACK POLICEMEN COMBAT POLICE BRUTALITY IN CHICAGO, 1968-1983.
Tera Agyepong... 253

SPECIAL REPORTS

“SECRET HORRORS”: ENSLAVED WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN THE LOUISIANA STATE PENITENTIARY, 1833-1862
Brett Josef Derbes... 277

AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN AND THE U. S. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, 1870-2000.
Gail L. Thompson... 291

ESSAY REVIEW

RENEGADE POETICS, SOUTHSCAPES, AND THE POETRY OF HISTORY IN NATASHA TRETHEWEY’S THRALL
Olga Dugan... 304

BOOK REVIEWS

John Ernest, A NATION WITHIN A NATION: ORGANIZING AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITES BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR
Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander... 320

Gabor Boritt and Scott Hancock, eds., SLAVERY, RESISTANCE, FREEDOM and Andrew Ward, THE SLAVES’ WAR: THE CIVIL WAR IN THE WORDS OF FORMER SLAVES
Irvin Winsboro... 322

Ronald E. Butchart, SCHOOLING THE FREED PEOPLE: TEACHING, LEARNING, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR BLACK FREEMOM. 1861-1876
Latif Tarik... 325

Millery Polyné, FROM DOUGLASS TO DUVALIER: U. S. AFRICAN AMERICANS, HAITI, AND PAN-AMERICANISM, 1870-1964
Keisha N. Blain... 326

LeRae Sikes Umfleet, A DAY OF BLOOD: THE 1898 WILMINGTON RACE RIOT
Louis Ray... 328

Jamie Q. Tallman, THE NOTORIOUS DR. FLIPPIN: ABORTION AND CONSEQUENCE IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
Jennifer D. Jones... 331

Walter D. Greason, THE PATH TO FREEDOM: BLACK FAMILIES IN NEW JERSEY
Alyssa Ribeiro... 333

Miriam Thaggert, IMAGES OF BLACK MODERNISM: VERBAL AND VISUAL STRATEGIES OF THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE
Andrea M. Slater... 334

Erik S. McDuffie, SOJOURNING FOR FREEDOM: BLACK WOMEN, AMERICAN COMMUNISM, AND THE MAKING OF BLACK LEFT FEMINISM
Hettie V. Williams... 336

Patricia Sullivan, LIFT EVERY VOICE AND SING: THE NAACP AND THE MAKING OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Yohuru Williams... 339

Jill Ogline Titus, BROWN’S BATTLEGROUND: STUDENTS, SEGREGATIONISTS, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR JUSTICE IN PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY, VIRGINIA
Kerry Charron... 341

Jennifer Jensen Wallach and John A. Kirk, eds., ARSNICK: THE STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE IN ARKANSAS
M. Anthony Fitchue... 344

Joyce A. Baugh, THE DETROIT SCHOOL BUSING CASE: MILIKEN V. BRADLEY AND THE CONTROVERSY OVER DESGREGATION
Matthew Johnson... 346

Phanuel Akubueze Egejuru, WOMANBEING AND WOMANSELF: CHARACTERS IN BLACK WOMEN’S NOVELS
Pamela J. Olubunmi Smith... 348

Bridget R. Cooks, EXHIBITING BLACKNESS: AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE AMERICAN ART MUSEUM
Jamie L.. Green... 351

John Torpey, MAKING WHOLE WHAT HAS BEEN SMASHED: ON REPARATIONS POLITICS
Lemont DeHaven King... 353

George Lipsitz, HOW RASCISM TAKES PLACE
David Roediger... 356

ANNOUNCEMENTS

BOOKS RECEIVED - 2012... 360

COMMENTARY: REPARATIONS AS A DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY: THE CARICOM REPARATIONS COMMISSION
V. P. Franklin... 363

“HE WAS A MAN WHO WALKED TALL AMONG MEN”: DUKE ELLINGTON, AFRICAN AMERICAN AUDIENCES, AND THE BLACK MUSICAL ENTERTAINMENT MARKET, 1927-1943
Nicholas L. Gaffney... 367

ALMOST “NO NEGRO VETERAN…COULD GET A LOAN”: AFRICAN AMERICAN VETERANS, THE GI BILL, AND THE NAACP CAMPAIGN AGAINST RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION, 1917-1960
Louis Lee Woods II... 392

SYMPOSIUM

INTRODUCTION - ST.CLAIR DRAKE: THE MAKING OF A SCHOLAR-ACTIVIST
V. P. Franklin... 418

ST. CLAIR DRAKE, PAN-AFRICANISM, AFRICAN STUDIES, AND THE POLITICS OF KNOWLEDGE, 1945-1965
Jerry Gershenhorn... 422

ST. CLAIR DRAKE, THE ROOSEVELT YEARS: PERSONAL REFLECTIONS AND ANALYSIS
John H. Bracey... 434

LEARNING FROM DRAKE: (RE)MAPPING DIASPORIC CONNECTIONS
Faye V. Harrison... 446

ESSAY REVIEWS

KINDRED SPIRITS OF THE IMAGINATION: HENRY OSSAWA TANNER AND CLEMENTINE HUNTER
Naurice Frank Woods, Jr... 455

SAMURAI OR SNITCH? THE POLITICS OF INTERRACIAL SOLIDARITY DURING THE 1960s FREEDOM MOVEMENTS
Steve Estes... 466

BOOK REVIEWS

Michele Reid-Vasquez, THE YEAR OF THE LASH: FREE PEOPLE OF COLOR IN CUBA AND THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ATLANTIC WORLD
Annette Palmer... 475

Tess Chakalakal, NOVEL BONDAGE: SLAVERY, MARRIAGE, AND FREEDOM IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA
Katherine F. Rohrer... 477

Elizabeth D. Leonard, MEN OF COLOR TO ARMS! BLACK SOLDIERS, INDIAN WARS, AND THE QUEST FOR EQUALITY
Warren C. Wood... 479

James H. Cone, THE CROSS AND THE LYNCHING TREE
Kerry Pimblott... 481

Pascal Bokar Thiam, FROM TIMBUKTU TO THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA: HOW WEST AFRICAN STANDARDS OF AESTHETICS HAVE SHAPED THE MUSIC OF THE DELTA BLUES
David Evans... 484

Carol Lynn McKibben, RACIAL BEACHHEAD: DIVERSITY AND DEMOCRACY IN A MILITARY TOWN, SEASIDE, CALIFORNIA
Adrian R. Lewis... 485

Richard Lentz and Karla K. Gower, THE OPINIONS OF MANKIND: RACIAL ISSUES, PRESS, AND PROPAGANDA IN THE COLD WAR
John R. Tilghman... 487

Thomas G. Smith, SHOWDOWN: JFK AND THE INTEGRATION OF THE WASHINGTON REDSKINS
Adrian Burgos... 489

Quinton Dixie and Peter Eisenstadt, VISION OF A BETTER WORLD: HOWARD THURMAN’S PILGRIMAGE TO INDIA AND THE ORIGINS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN NONVIOLENCE
Joan Marshall Wesley... 491
Danielle L. McGuire and John Dittmer, eds., FREEDOM RIGHTS: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Clarence Lang... 494

Joan Singler, jean Durning, Bettylou Valentine, and Maid Adams, SEATTLE IN BLACK AND WHITE: THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY AND THE FIGHT FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITY
Cheryl A. Smith... 497

Chris Danielson, AFTER FREEDOM SUMMER: HOW RACE REALIGNED MISSISSIPPI POLITICS, 1965-1986
Jon Hale... 499

Christopher Sieving, SOUL SEARCHING: BLACK-THEMED CINEMA FROM THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON TO THE RISE OF BLAXPLOITATON
Jennifer Williams... 501

Erica Frankenberg and Elizabeth DeBray ed., INTEGRATING SCHOOLS IN A CHANGING SOCIETY: NEW POLTICS AND LEGAL OPTIONS FOR A MUTIRACIAL GENERATION
Dionne Danns... 503

Diana T. Slaughter-Defoe, Howard C. Stevenson, Edith G. Arrington, and Deborah J. Johnson, eds., BLACK EDUCATIONAL CHOICE: ASSESSING THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SCHOOL ALTERNATIVES TO TRADITIONAL K-12 PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Omari W. Keeles... 505

ANNOUNCEMENTS... 509

"Reflections on the Legacy of Malcolm X"

BLACK LEVEE CAMP WORKERS, THE NAACP, AND THE MISSISSIPPI FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT, 1927-1933
Richard M. Mizelle, Jr.... 511

SOLIDARITY AMONG “FELLOW SUFFERERS”: AFRICAN AMERICANS AND GERMAN PRISONERS OF WAR IN THE UNITED STATES DURING WORLD WAR II
Matthias Reiss... 531

BOOK FORUM

INTRODUCTION: REFLECTIONS ON THE LEGACY OF MALCOLM X
V. P. Franklin... 562

REINVENTION AS REDEMPTION: THE MANY MEANINGS OF MALCOLM X
Zachery Williams... 565

MARABLE’S MALCOLM AND THE MYTH OF THE FOLK
Phillip M. Richards... 573

THE BLACK SCHOLAR FORUM ON MARABLE’S MALCOLM X
Christopher Strain... 579

WHAT MANNER OF MAN?
Monroe H. Little... 589

MALCOLM X: CRITICAL ASSESSMENTS AND UNANSWERED QUESTIONS
Robert L. Harris... 595

DOCUMENTING THE LIFE AND LEGACY OF MALCOLM X
W. Marvin Dulaney... 602

ESSAY REVIEW

“WHEN THE REVOLUTION COMES”: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON BLACK STUDENT ACTIVISM AND THE BLACK STUDIES MOVEMENT
Jonathan B. Fenderson... 607

SPECIAL REPORT

JOURNEY TO MY ETHIOPIAN HOMELAND
Nubia Kai... 623

BOOK REVIEWS

Daniel Rasmussen, AMERICAN UPRISING: THE UNTOLD STORY OF AMERICA’S LARGEST SLAVE REVOLT
Thomas M. Ingersoll... 636

Bob Petersen, PETER JACKSON: A BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUSTRALIAN HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMPION, 1860-1901
Louis Moore... 638

Arthur Remillard, SOUTHERN CIVIL RELIGIONS: IMAGINING THE GOOD SOCIETY IN THE POST-RECONSTRUCTION ERA
Sandra E. Weissinger... 640

Shawn Leigh Alexander, AN AMRY OF LIONS: THE CIVIL RIGHTS STRUGGLE BEFORE THE NAACP
Timothy L. Russell... 642

Renée Ater, REMAKING RACE AND HISTORY: THE SCULPTURE OF META WARRICK FULLER
Marianne Kinkel... 644

Koritha Mitchell, LIVING WITH LYNCHING: AFRICAN AMERICAN PLAYS, PERFORMANCE, AND CITIZENSHIP, 1890-1930
Sandra Jowers-Barber... 646

Britta Waldschmidt-Nelson, DREAMS AND NIGHTMARES: MARTIN LUTHER KING, Jr., MALCOLM X, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR BLACK EQUALITY IN AMERICA
Clarence Lang... 648

Manning Marable and Elizabeth Kai Hinton, eds., THE NEW BLACK HISTORY: REVISITING THE SECOND RECONSTRUCTION
Pero Gaglo Dagbovie... 650

Rev. Jerome G. LeDoux, WAR OF THE PEWS: A PERSONAL ACCOUNT OF ST. AUGUSTINE CHURCH IN NEW ORLEANS
Andrew N. Wegmann... 654

Amos Yong and Estrelda Y. Alexander eds., AFRO-PENTECOSTALISM: BLACK PENTECOSTAL AND CHARISMATIC CHRISTIANITY IN HISTORY AND CULTURE
David Broadax, Sr.... 656

ANNOUNCEMENTS... 659

INDEX TO VOLUME 98... 660